Book Club Discussion Questions for When You Reach Me

When You Reach Me by Rebecca Stead is a young adult novel that will delight adults and youth alike. Use these book club discussion questions on When You Reach Me by Rebecca Stead to lead your book club or reading group into Steads book. Book Club Discussion Questions  for  When You Reach Me Spoiler Warning: These book club discussion questions reveal important details about When You Reach Me by Rebecca Stead. Finish the book before reading on. How did the 20,000 Pyramid play a role in the story? How did her mothers quest with the game show mirror Mirandas quest to make sense of her life?Did you have trouble understanding the concept of time travel allowing something to happen before the person actually traveled back in time? Or did Malcolm and Julias explanations make sense to you?Malcolm tells Miranda, Einstein says common sense is just a habit of thought. Its how were used to thinking about things, but a lot of time it just gets in the way of whats true (51). Do you think thats true? Have you ever had to let go of assumptions in order to see the truth? Have you ever known anyone who was very smart but did not seem to have any common sense? Would you rather have a lot of common sense or the ability to see a few profound truths that other people miss?At what point did you realize the laughing man was Malcolm?Were you satisfied with the way all the mysteries came together in the end?A Wrinkle in Time by Madeline LEngle has a big impact on Miranda, but also on Rebecca Stead and the idea for this book. Did reading When You Reach Me make you want to read A Wrinkle in Time again?Is there any book that took hold of you the way A Wrinkle in Time took hold of Miranda―that you read and reread either as a child or an adult?How does Miranda change in this book? In what ways do her relationships with her mother and friends mature?Rate When You Reach Me on a scale of 1 to 5.

The Social Problems Of Children - 1970 Words

In 1983, companies spent $100 million marketing to kids. Today, they re spending nearly $17 billion annually. That s more than double what it was in 1992 (Lagorio, 2007). Lawlor and Prothero (2002) cited recent numbers for the spending influence of children up to twelve years in the United States. These children controlled spending of $28 billion in 2000 from their own allowances and earnings, and also they influenced $250 billion of family spending. (Oates, Blades Gunter, 2003). In this paper, it will being explaining what social problems are caused when children are marketed to and what we can do to stop it. I argue that marketing to children is a problem because it causes children to be obese from food commercials and ads, they†¦show more content†¦These aged children look at ads more than anyone else and they’re the ones who have their own choices, which allows them to do anything they want. Since these children are exposed food commercials, which increases the ir craving for fast food. That means they’re food habits will increase more and that leads them to be obese. That leads to parents wasting their money on food, which they lose a lot of money. Exposure to food adverts produced substantial and significant increases in energy intake in all children (P 0.001). The increase in intake was found to be largest in the obese children (P = 0.04). All children increased their consumption of high-fat and/or sweet energy-dense snacks in response to the adverts (P 0.001) (Mason, 2012). When children gaze at TV commercials, it makes their increase of food even more because when they look at it, commercials make look so good, that children want it even more. It shows that children can’t controlled their desires for food, which allows them to become obese. Parents of children and adolescents can be reached with targeted social marketing campaigns aimed at changing social standards about food preference and choice, social appeal of exercise, and healthy weight (Douglas Evans, Christoffel, Necheles Becker, 2012). The social

We the People Free Essays

We, the people, are responsible for this malady. How? you may ask! In the democratic India, we are only left with one right – that is – Voting Right! We do not even know how to exercise our Voting Right! We have premier Management Institutions (IIMs) and B-Schools. Let them use their expertise to train our people as to how to exercise their franchise. We will write a custom essay sample on We the People or any similar topic only for you Order Now We are in total anarchy! We have allowed and turned a handful of otherwise, low caliber people, into giants in the eyes of public. Inequity, Injustice, Corruption in all corners, weakened judiciary, every one wants to wield power and misuse them. In reality, four hundred and odd people rule 115 cr. population at ease! Sardar Patel toiled to unite the Princely States. The Rajas and Maharajas descending from various dynasties had faith in their Prajas and Almighty! Taking their kingdom, making them too small under the garb of democracy, we have created and are creating dynasty of politicians! Who is at fault? The so called four pillars of democracy (Executive, Legislature, Judiciary and the Media) are shaky. We have one Sridharan to mend the pillars, if found cracky, in the Metro Network, however, we have failed to produce as many Sridharans as possible to attend these cracked pillars. Let there be unity and the like-minded people join hands to disseminate and educate the people of this country to bring about a just leadership for building a very Strong Nation, called, India! If we don’t do it, we would be answerable to our next generation! How to cite We the People, Essay examples We The People Free Essays â€Å"We the People†¦ † Marked the opening of the country of America. These three words are the first three words written on the constitution which is known to be the framework of which this country is run. A country that gives all the promises of â€Å"liberty†, â€Å"justice†, â€Å"property†, and â€Å"life† through this document. We will write a custom essay sample on We The People or any similar topic only for you Order Now This Is a document that has said they will give all in a secular manner. All matters that involve religion will not govern the country. If this said to be true, than certain practices such as Insuring Justice, does not come into agreement with their secular statement. This does not account for all forms of Insuring Justice but only for parts. The classification of crime Is divided Into two parts, the misdemeanors and the felony, Misdemeanors are punished with the use of temporary Isolation from society gall), mandatory aiding of the society (community services or reprimanding the Individual from the liberties of life. On the other side of crimes, a felony could also be punished using any of the methods mentioned afore, but In the case where one’s life or liberty has been harmed. The methods are taken to a level of punishment higher than that of a misdemeanors; â€Å"death or imprisonment in excess of one year† (Defenestration. Com). Sentencing a person convicted of a felony to death is legal in some states and illegal in others. The death penalty is decided for those who commit crimes such as â€Å"First-degree murder with special circumstances; sabotage; train wrecking causing death; treason; perjury causing execution of an innocent person; fatal assault by a prisoner serving a life sentence† in some state or in the case of most states as long as en has committed capital murder with a certain number of aggravating circumstances. Some states have abolished the death penalty while others are in pending state where advocates of abolishing this form of punishment state that it is â€Å"too costly and time consuming† (Death Penalty Information center). The removal of the death penalty is not an argument of whether or not it is moral or constitutional, but if is financially efficient. The death penalty is service of Justice in which the problem that has harmed not only those involved directly but the community as a hole is removed. The only goal that has been reached by this conclusion Is that the problem is no longer evident. Has Justice really been served to the one that has been deceased? Using the bases of the Constitution to run this country on the subject of legality, religion is not involved but the factual evidence of science would. Scientifically speaking, after the human passes away, the human body decomposes underground (â€Å"What Happens to Our Body After Death†) and this would leave the true victim and the defendant on the same level. Neither would suffer more than the other since both are no longer living, the only ones that would gain from the situation Is those who are alive. If the law of the land promises all what they were given from birth, this Is a form of justice that will not make the mark. The law should stick to that which it has promised not only benefiting those who are alive but those who left as well. Knowing what the one that has left is impossible but that person should not be made of equal to the one that has caused the misfortune. The correctness is punishment of the written. The Constitution is a secular document free of religious attribution since â€Å"the U. S. Government derives from people, as it clearly states in the preamble: â€Å"We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union†¦. â€Å"† (Walker, â€Å"The Government of the United States of America is not, in any sense founded on the Christian religion†). Works Cited â€Å"Crimes Punishable by the Death Penalty. † Death Penalty Information Center. How to cite We The People, Papers

What Makes You Happy free essay sample

Before I answer this question I want to tell something . Do you know what really means to be happy. I think everyone will say yes. But if you dont know the true meanings of sadness, pain and loneliness it means that you dont know the real happiness. There are 6 billion people living in this world. They are all different and they all have their own lives to live. What Im trying to say is â€Å"Happiness comes with a price†. Like after you finish some hard task successfully you can see the results of your work so that you can proud of your self or when you accomplish something you are happy thats how it is. For me when Im successful or fall in love with someone (which is really interesting and entertaining) im really happy. Of course there are lot of things to write down here but its too much. Suddenly I want to write this story or example. Maybe it could make you think about some thing. K here says: I may be an awful person. Today my lover Just rejected me. Actually from the beginning I knew this could happen but I didnt care because I was happy just for being with her. After she rejected me I was really depressed and didnt know what to do. However few hours later I already started to forget about her.I think the reason Is I fell In love with another girl and that made me much more relieved and happy. Like I said earlier Im an awful person. But Its my life and I will do things by my way. After my research through Internet I Jumped to this conclusion, happiness Is not a mere dream a person has to reach and become happy. It Is the state of mind a person creates right now. Happiness Is a reaction to actions that happen to a person. Consequently, happiness Is a persons positive attitude to the life In general and to mom certain moments In the life In particular.A human being cannot be happy all the time. In general, happiness Is unstable and everyone has Its own understanding of It. So live the fullest and try to find happiness In every moment you breath. :Arab II :Z. Mandarin What Makes You Happy By Mandalay dont know the true meanings of sadness, pain and loneliness it means that you dont reason is I fell in love with another girl and that made me much more relieved and happy. Like I said earlier Im an awful person. But its my life and I will do things byAfter my research through internet I Jumped to this conclusion, happiness is not a mere dream a person has to reach and become happy. It is the state of mind a person creates right now. Happiness is a reaction to actions that happen to a person. Consequently, happiness is a persons positive attitude to the life in general and to some certain moments in the life in particular. A human being cannot be happy all the time. In general, happiness is unstable and everyone has its own understanding of it. So live the fullest and try to find happiness in every moment you breath.

Stylistic Analysis Of A Cup Of Tea Essay Example For Students

Stylistic Analysis Of A Cup Of Tea Essay 1. Introduction To be honest, when I read the story, I thought how absurd this is. The first appearance of the story to me was just like this. But when I re- thought about some details I realised that the story is not that absurd. Above, it includes some social factors in it. And I think my assignment is going to be all about those details, because for me, truth always hides itself in details, so to analyse this story Im to deal with them. We will write a custom essay on Stylistic Analysis Of A Cup Of Tea specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 2. Summary of the story The story is all about Rosemary Fell, a rich, young and modern country woman and one of her shopping days. This day, and an extra-ordinary day it was, started after she got out from an antique shop with a little box in her mind, that she is planing to buy. What made this ordinary day, extra- ordinary came with a voice of a young, poor girl, Miss Smith. She was shyly asking money for a cup of tea. At the moment Rosemary couldnt believe her ears. How can someone doesnt have money, even for a cup of tea? She thought a little, and decided to make an invitation. She invited this young, poor girl to her home. After some insist, Miss Smith accepted this invitation. They went home and had some cup of tea, and chat for a while. It was a chat that mostly Rosemary talk and Miss Smith listen with tears in her eyes. Then Philip, the husband of Rosemary appeared. He was confused to see Miss Smith, because she is not like one of the other friends of Rosemary. Then he wanted to talk with her and they went to the library. They had a conversation about the poor girl. Philip thought this situation is ridiculous, besides, he thought that Miss Smith is beautiful and pretty. This thought of Philip shocked Rosemary. She didnt look to her as Philip did. After she got out from the library she decided to give some money to her and let her go. Jealousy was the only reason for this. 3. Ideational functions a. Rosemary as participant i Relational process We can both understand her physical and personal state from the story. Everybody seems to be cheerful to her and acts like she is the one and only. This lady is the most active role of the story. We even can say the story is based on her. There are some sentences used to describe her image. a. She was young, brilliant, extremely modern, exquisitely well dressed b. how charming her hands were against the blue velvet. ii. Mental process Mentally Rosemary is the organiser of the story, everything starts with her and so they finish with her. Her words are the commands for the others. For example, if she wants, Miss Smith to come home and have a cup of tea with her, Miss Smith must obey. Her commands are indeclinable. Although she seems to be philanthropic. I  think she is not, for me she is so selfish. a. It would be thrilling taking the poor girl home b. And she heard herself saying afterwards to the amazement of her friends I simply took her home with me c. Well keep it for me. Will you? Ill but the shop man had already bowed as though keeping it for her was all any human being can ask. He would be willing, of course, to keep it for her forever. Miss Smith as participant i Relational process She is the blur character of the story. Although we couldnt find information about her, she is the second important role. She appears to be young, poor, shy and pretty. But for me her main appearance is her tiredness. Besides, her personal or physical states are not that clear as Rosemarys. .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 , .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 .postImageUrl , .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 , .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9:hover , .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9:visited , .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9:active { border:0!important; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9:active , .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9 .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uecbd1c5915c0793db5fd64d4371416c9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Twelfth Night: refer closely to the text and show the love and pain that Orsino, Olivia and viola experience Essaya. said the girl and there was pain in her voice b. Battered creature with enormous eyes, someone quite young ii Mental process There seems to be nothing abut her mental process. From the beginning till the end she just did what she is said to. a. Wont you take off your hat? very good madam and the crushed hat was taken off b. The girl stayed just as she had been put Philip as participant i Relational process We can just guess his personal and physical state. We can say that, he is a gentleman and he is a nice guy. And I think he is charming. a. will Miss Smith excuse us b. Philip smiled his charming smile ii. Mental process I think, he exist in the story to make the final boom. Everything changes after his appearance. And he did this by saying: a. She is so astonishingly pretty b. she is absolutely lovely c. I was bowled over 4. Lexis Rosemary represent the rich in this story, and Miss Smith is the poor one. Depending to this situation, the words used to describe them are totally different. We can see that the words describing Rosemary are stronger than the words used for Miss Smith. The words for Rosemary are: brilliant, extremely modern, exquisitely well-dressed, quite presentable and amusing; and I think one word gives the clue of how Miss Smith look like: creature not even a human. As we understand these two women can also be described as powerful and weak. Rosemary has the power because she has the money, and money always brings power. Miss smith is poor, so she is weak. This situation has nothing to do with their characters, if we switch the places of these two women, this time Miss Smith will be the powerful one. I mean money = power . When we think that this story is written by a woman, we can understand why Philip thought pretty about Miss Smith. A man will never mind the social status, they always look to a woman within a different point of view pretty,  or not pretty thats the question! and this is the only thing they can think about, except football and cars. 5. Textual and interpersonal functions Rosemary proves her power in every dialogue. In her relationships, she is always the number one. She happen to be a commander. The first dialogue happens with the shop man and he seems like, he can do everything for Rosemary. But for me, the most important dialogue in the story is between Rosemary and Miss Smith. When I read that dialogue, a picture from my mind appeared in my eyes. I asked to myself , if I also had this kind of a dialogue, and I remember those homeless children, trying to sell me handkerchief. Just like Miss Smith, they are trying to be respectful to me. After I realised that, although I didnt want, I treated them just like Rosemary did to Miss Smith. I think, when one feels superior, this is inescapable. There is also another dialogue we can see between Philip and Rosemary. In that conversation, although Philip seems to be the stronger one, he could not change Rosemarys mind. And I guess there is no one in the world can change this kind of a womans mind, except love. 6. Conclusion Before making my conclusion, I read the stuff I wrote, and I saw, mainly I mentioned; how poor is Miss Smith and how rich is Rosemary, and their appearance as two different women. And within the light of these, Im happy to write: In conclusion, I can say that although a human is always a human, the instincts are always stronger than humanity. As we can see, at the very beginning, Rosemary was trying to be helpful to Miss Smith, but when jealousy came to the scene, she gave 3 pounds and simply kicked Miss Smith. I think this is the rule of the world, both in the wild animal life and in modern human life

The eNotes Blog A Writers Best Friend Ten Authors and TheirPets

A Writers Best Friend Ten Authors and TheirPets For many of us, pets offer companionship, love, and a patient ear to listen to the wild thoughts we cannot share with fellow members of our species. Its no wonder, then, that so many artists crave the company of furry (or feathered) friends, so often held in high regard as either the inspiration behind or the initiator of the creative process. Just take a look at the special relationships between the following writers and their pets for example. Either as a retreat from humankind, a reminder to take a pensive walk outside, or the means by which scraps of paper find their way into the bin, these pets are so essential to their writers, its hard to imagine that they did not choose their artistic owners themselves. Read on to see for yourself, then tell us what role you feel pets can play in stirring creativity in a comment below. Ernest Hemingway Hemingway had multiple cats, for which he held massive respect, remarking, A cat has absolute emotional honesty: human beings, for one reason or another, may hide their feelings, but a cat does not. Virginia Woolf with her dog Pinka. â€Å"This you’ll call sentimental - perhaps - but then a dog somehow represents - no I can’t think of the word - the private side of life - the play side.† Woolfs dog biography, inspired by Elizabeth Barrett Brownings dog Flush, is surprisingly her bestselling work to date. Kurt Vonnegut The larger than life author with his tiny friend, Pumpkin. Tennessee Williams Williams named his black cat Sabbath. He also named his best-known play after a feline in a precarious position: What is the victory of a cat on a hot tin roof? - I wish I knew†¦ Just staying on it, I guess, as long as she can†¦ Edith Wharton Throughout her life, Wharton was often photographed with her dogs, of which she had many. She so loved canines, she actually helped to found the SPCA in the United States. Wharton even included her pups in her writing process, working in bed alongside themwhat a picture! She also wrote a beautiful little poem in dedication to them: My little old dog: A heart-beat At my feet. Flannery OConnor OConnors stories are full of surprises, as was her taste in pets. This writer had quite the collection of peacocks. â€Å"When the peacock has presented his back, the spectator will usually begin to walk around him to get a front view; but the peacock will continue to turn so that no front view is possible. The thing to do then is to stand still and wait until it pleases him to turn. When it suits him, the peacock will face you. Then you will see in a green-bronze arch around him a galaxy of gazing haloed suns. This is the moment when most people are silent.† Robert Penn Warren Warrens love for his cocker spaniel Frodo (named after Tolkiens character) was commemorated in his poem Rumor Verified: English cocker: old and blind But if your hand Merely touches his head, Old faithe comes flooding back- and The paw descends, His trust is infinite In you John Steinbeck and his French poodle Charley, with whom he traveled the country, detailed in his book Travels with Charley. â€Å"I’ve seen a look in dogs’ eyes, a quickly vanishing look of amazed contempt, and I am convinced that basically dogs think humans are nuts.† William S. Burroughs Burroughs remarked of his beloved cat Ginger, Like all pure creatures, cats are practical. Maurice Sendak And lastly, the lovable curmudgeon and creator of Where the Wild Things Are succinctly summarizes his love for his companion Herman (after Melville) with a simple phrase: I hate people. Images courtesy of Flavorwire and New York Social Diary.

Submit 1-page reflection on your analysis Article

Submit 1-page reflection on your analysis - Article Example I have heard a lot about the communicative material way of learning i.e. the students can contribute through speech while learning. The discussion session is considerably the most fruitful manner of learning since the students would be able to recall the reasons posed by peers back to back (Moorey 16). Also, the contributions of different civilizations could not have been discussed more effectively than by writing about it. The essay was yet another extension to the experience of learning session in the classroom. It has also helped me in writing the experience in the shape of points. Overall, my experience in the classroom was very effective. Especially, the contributions of the Egyptians were quiet interesting to know during the learning session. I would not just limit my experience of learning the contributions of different civilizations to myself but I would also like to continue researching about it. Finally, I would suggest that the classroom session must have discussion and speech to recall the contributions

Logistics and Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Logistics and Supply Chain Management - Essay Example It is observed that storage cost increases when transportation is available but on the other hand, no cost cutting is experienced when the stock density is good, given the better accessibility through transportation of goods (Skipper, 2008). Holmes (2011) explains the trade-off between storage density and immediate accessibility of products throughout the Wal-Mart’s network. Wal-Mart’s strategy has been to leverage through the dense chain of its stores. The stores are vertically involved into distribution. Analysis of its distribution and warehouse network reveals that the general goods are supplied by Wal-Mart’s own regional distribution centres (RDCs) while the groceries for supercentres are delivered via its own food distribution centres. When stores are densely stocked, it is not hard to start a distribution chain that keeps stores near to a distribution centre and when the Wal-Mart stores are near to a distribution centre, it can spare the transporting costs . Other than that, such closeness permits Wal-Mart to react fast to demand jolts. Fast reaction is hugely known to be a leading trait of the Wal-Mart model. It needs to be appreciated that Wal-Mart restocked its shelves with American flags on the very day of 9/11. While stating the benefits of storage density of Wal-Mart, the job is tough as the Company does not reveal inside information out for information purpose. A direct analysis of Wal-Mart’s data pertaining to logistics cost to density is, therefore, not easy. Even if the Company readily reveals the information over the supply chain network, the leverage it is getting by reacting fast to demand jolts can not be approximated with the available accounting figures. Wal-Mart’s revealed priority can only be ascertained indirectly. Density allows leverage but it comes at a price. A testing of Wal-Mart’s attitude of unseen trade-off against the seen cost can help in getting the clue over how it succeeds in gettin g the leverage from the trade-off (Holmes, 2011). In the case of Wal-Mart, the high storage density is created when stores are in close proximity and their market fields converge. It offers the opportunity to new stores to benefit from the convergence, increasing their sales from established stores. The limit of such leverage can be measured by sourcing relevant data from different providers such as getting store level sales output from ACNielsen and regional data from the U.S. Census at a quite zeroed-in degree of geographical location. This information can be used to approximate a model of demand wherein consumers select among all the Wal-Mart stores in the general region where they reside. The demand model suits the data finely. Further, inherent meanings can be explained for the limit of leveraging from the store density with specific revelations made by Wal-Mart in its yearly reports. Analysis of the sales model helps in finding how Wal-Mart faces crucial diminishing returns in sales from its storage density because of the nearness of the stores to the adjoining area (Holmes, 2011). Wal-Mart worked on a changing structure for its stores across the time ranging from 1962-2005. The structural model of Wal-Mart developed by Holmes (2011) is quite huge. It can find out the correct position of each single store and the position of each distribution centre, the kind of store (routine Wal-Mart or supercentre), and the type of distribution cent

Human Trafficking Policy Development Paper Essay

Human Trafficking Policy Development Paper - Essay Example However, only 49,105 cases of human trafficking victims across the world have been identified with only 4,166 of these cases being successful prosecuted in 2009 (Cullen-DuPont, 2009). 335 of the successful prosecutions were related to forced labor. Previous research revealed that1.8 per 1,000 inhabitants was incidence of trafficking casualties in the world. Globally, the ratio of labor trafficking victims to sex trafficking victims currently stands at 9:1. Surprisingly, there are about 800,000 people trafficked across the international borders each year, as of 2007. Nonetheless, the number increased to 1.2 million people trafficked globally by 2013. Human Trafficking is undoubtedly the world’s fastest-growing concern in the criminal industry. It destroys the lives of so many women, children as well as young men each year in the globe. The public acknowledges that as a mother, grandmother, a sister, a relative, a brother, or a friend, it sickens to think that millions of our kin aged below 18 are sold to other parts of the world as victims of sex and/ or labor trafficking every year across the globe. The most horrible thing is that 80 percent of these trafficking victims are usually sexually exploited. Senators from most states, judges, defense attorneys, prosecutors, administrators, law enforcement officers and law-abiding citizens I’ve agreed all too well that indeed traffickers have no respect to gender, age or economics. Thus, they all advocate and support my proposed policy to help eradicate this inhuman act. My proposed policy focus to give a renewed attention on prevention overseas, a non-porous border at every state, tougher action on perpetrators as well as better identification of victims and care for these victims. This policy adopts a comprehensive approach as far as tackling trafficking is concerned. It will lay down legislations to: framework

The Current Issues of Education in Cambodia

The Current Issues of Education in Cambodia Education plays very important role in the society. One country can be developed based significantly on the variety of Human resources. Anyway, the only way to get rid of Human Resources is Education. Thus, people have tried their best to find way to educate people in order to gain Human Resources for working and serving in the society. Cambodia is one of the countries in the world that has its own tradition of Education. Thus, how did Cambodia produce its human resources in the past? A system of education has been in place in Cambodia since at least the thirteenth century. This traditional education system was centered on local temples and involved teaching students about the foundations of religion, basic literacy, and skills such as carpentry that were relevant to the rural life of most Cambodians. While this nonformal system endured after the arrival of the French in Cambodia, it was gradually replaced by a Westernized educational model. The French authorities did not pursue this modern education system with any great enthusiasm and seemed unwilling to devote the educational resources that were needed to meet local demand. The educational heritage of the colonial period in Cambodia was the importation of the Western idea of a formal school system and the gradual undermining of its traditional counterpart. The colonial era introduced to Cambodians the idea that education could lead to upward social mobility. It was a realization that led to extraordinary demand for access to education in the years that immediately followed independence. There were so many problems existed in education sector in Cambodia and it is still remain existing in present day such as the inequality of participation between boy and girl at school poor attendance by girls at school, widespread difficulties in communications; the problems of hygiene and water supply within education facilities, and lack of trained educational personnel. The countrys teachers, who are grossly underpaid, have resorted to charging their students unofficial fees. Many are spending less time in the classroom as they seek additional employment elsewhere. Almost 20 percent of students in urban areas, and 26 percent in rural areas, have repeated at least one grade at school. From every one thousand students who begin primary school, only twenty-seven will graduate from upper secondary school. Girls, students from remote areas, and the poor are all grossly underrepresented in education statistics. With these significant problems as a backdrop, and the school-age populat ion continuing to grow, the Cambodian government still denies the education sector the funding it needs to realize its important role in Cambodian society. The education system in Cambodia continues to be overwhelmed by many difficulties, including an acute shortage of qualified teaching staff, poor morale due to low salary levels and lack of suitable teaching materials. Attendance at school remains limited in rural areas since children are often expected to stay at home and help their families in the fields. What methodology did Cambodia use in Education? Cambodia conducted the teacher-centered in teaching and this methodology keep conducting until the last few decades which there were some changes in Education Curriculum. In the past, students were strictly forced to learn by their teachers and most of time they were punished by various activities including violent. Therefore, many students were frighten and afraid of their teachers and finally decided to drop out of school. Nowadays, student-center methods are accepted but it not completely implemented effectively due to the lack of qualified trainers and teaching aids. II. Biography of Friedrich Froebel Life of Friedrich Froebel Friedrich Froebel, a German Philosopher, was born on April 21, 1782 in Oberweissback, Germany; Friedrich was the youngest of six children. Friedrichs mother died when he was still an infant, and his father, a pastor, left him to care for himself. When he was ten years old, his uncle took over his care. As a young child, Friedrich Froebel spent a lot of time playing alone in the gardens around his home. This led to a love and respect of nature that would remain throughout his adult life. In 1797, Froebel attended school to learn about forestry, geometry, land surveying, and valuation; and by 1802, he was working as a forester. Ever the student, Friedrich attended Frankfurt University to study architecture, and later, began teaching under Johann J. Pestalozzi, a well respected educator of the day. Pestalozzi welcomed the poor into his school, including orphans. He believed that children needed to be active in their own learning. Froebel died on the 21st June 1852. Work of Friedrich Frobel It was at Frankfurt, where he was studying architecture that he developed some relationship with the Director of a Model School. This director discovered that true field for Frobel was education. Then Frobel was advised to give up architecture and join the Model School. Froebel found his long-missed life element and was in-expressibly happy with the job of teacher. He worked there for two years. Latter he felt that he should have more training in the teaching profession. Thus, he undertook to coach three boys of one family. He was dissatisfied with his own work so he took his wards to Pestalozzis school at Yverdun where he remained for four years. His desire for knowledge of natural science carried him in 1811 to Gottimgen University whence he went to Berlin. Two years later, his university studies were interrupted as he joined the Army. Military experience showed him the value of discipline and united action. In 1814, he returned from military and became a keeper of the Museum in Be rlin. But he still kept thinking about becoming an educator. In 1816, he opened a small school which became a successful institution in 10 years. He published a book about The Education of Man which was very great work of him. Froebel opened a school in Switzerland in 1830. The Swiss Government took advantage of his presence and sent their teachers to him for instruction. Soon he moved to Burgdorf to run an orphanage and to superintend the training of teachers for short time courses of three months. In these conferences with the teachers, he learnt that the schools suffered as they did not get good raw material the educand. This he believed was due to no education in the pre-school age. In 1837, at the age of 55, Friedrich Froebel founded his own school and called it kindergarten, or the childrens garden. Kindergarten was a new word created by Froebel to express his vision for early childhood education: Children are like tiny flowers; they are varied and need care, but each is beautiful alone and glorious when seen in the community of peers. His Philosophy on Education Prior to Froebels kindergarten, children under the age of seven did not attend school. It was believed that young children did not have the ability to concentrate or to develop cognitive and emotional skills before this age. However, Froebel expressed his own beliefs about the importance of early education by stating that . . . because learning begins when consciousness erupts, education must also. Froebel labeled his approach to education as self-activity. This idea allows the child to be led by his or her own interests and to freely explore them. The teachers role, therefore, was to be a guide rather than lecturer. Froebels kindergarten was designed to meet each childs need for: physical activity, the development of sensory awareness and physical dexterity, creative expression, exploration of ideas and concepts, the pleasure of singing, the experience of living among others, and satisfaction of the soul Froebels school featured games, play, songs, stories, and crafts to stimulate imagination and develop physical and motor skills. The materials in the room were divided into two categories: 1. Gifts: were objects that were fixed in form such as blocks. The purpose was that in playing with the object, the child would learn the underlying concept represented by the object. 2. Occupations: allowed more freedom and consisted of things that children could shape and manipulate such as clay, sand, beads, and string. There was an underlying symbolic meaning in all that was done. Even clean up time was seen as a reminder to the child of Gods plan for moral and social order. In 1852, after a short illness, Friedrich Froebel passed away. During his lifetime, he changed the face of education in Germany, and led other educators to follow in his path. Between 1848 and 1852 thirty one kindergartens had been founded in German cities. Unlike other educational institutions, many kindergartens were open to children of all social classes and religious denominations. The teachers encouraged broadmindedness and understanding among these varied segments of the population. Froebels most important gifts to children were invaluable. He gave children respect for their intellectual and emotional, abilities and development, the classroom, and that which he needed most as a child. A teacher who took on the role of loving, supportive parents. Friedrich Froebel was truly a pioneer of Early Childhood Education, and a role model that all educators can still learn from today. III. Conclusion What is Friedrich Froebel Perspective on Education? And how did Froebels theory help Education in Cambodia to be better? In 1837, after years of trying to establish better schools for children, Froebel founded the first Child Nurture and Activity Institute, or Kindergarten. This school was designed for infants, reflecting Froebels belief that an improvement to infant education was necessary for educational reform. In spite of Prussian government opposition to kindergarten, the idea spread throughout Europe, effecting a lasting change to childrens education. Thus, we can see that, Froebel pay particular attention on the children education especially in the preschool education. In contrast, based on the history of Education in Cambodia society, people dont pay any attention to child education. Most children need to help their parents to earn the living and they are always staying at home and go to the rice field. This tradition leads Cambodia to have extremely poor educated people. Nowadays, many kindergarten schools have been established in Cambodia. People send their children to preschool for education as well as they are busy in their job and have no time to take care of them. We can see that, children who have attended in preschool education learn well and more qualified than those who didnt attend the preschool education. In short, in order to produce good human resources, Cambodia should adopt Froebels theory of Education. We should take particular attention on Children because education is the development of habits, attitudes and skills which help a man to lead a full and worthwhile life. Thus, we need to start educating them at the early stage of their life. IV. References Ayres, David M. (2005). Anatomy of a Crisis. Education, Development and Education Taneja, Vidya Ratna V.R.(2010). Educational Thought and Practice Zimmermann, Thomas Cohort 5. Course Reading. Foundations of Education(MEd103) http://hubpages.com/hub/Friedrich-Froebel-Founder-of-the-First-Kindergarten http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-36.html

The Manhattan Project Essay -- American History

The Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was the code name of the America’s attempt to construct an atomic bomb during World War II. It was named after the Manhattan Engineer District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, because a lot of it’s earlier research was done in New York City. An atomic bomb is a weapon that uses the energy from a nuclear reaction called Fission for its destruction. The idea that mass could be changed into energy was predicted by Albert Einstein in the earlier part of the 1900’s. John D. Cockcroft and Ernest Walton confirmed this by experiments in 1932. Then in 1938, nuclear fission was discovered by German scientists, and it was feared by many of the U.S. scientists, that Hitler would try to build a fission bomb. Three Hungarian-born physicists, Leo Szilard, Eugene Wigner, and Edward Teller asked Albert Einstein to send a letter to Franklin Roosevelt. Compelled by the letter in late 1939, Roosevelt ordered an effort to obtain an atomic weapon before Germany. At first, this program was led by Vannevar Bush, head of the National Defense Research committee and the Office of Scientific Research and Development. Then it came under control of Leslie Groves of the Army Corps of Engineers. Groves quickly bought a site in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, as a place for processing the Uranium-235 from the more common Uranium-238. Uranium-235 is used because it is fissionable, it releases many neutrons, and does not capture many. However, 99.3% of uranium in nature is the U-238 isotope, and only .7% is the lighter, more â€Å"fissionable† isotope U-235. Next, he gathered and combined research from many East Coast universities under direction of Arthur Compton, at the University of Chicago. He appointed theoretical physicist, J. Robert Oppenheimer as the director of the weapons laboratory, which was built on an isolated mesa located at Los Alamos, New Mexico. After much work, a porous barrier that could separate the isotopes of uranium was made, and it was installed in the Oak ridge gaseous diffusion plant. In 1945, uranium-235, pure enough for use in a bomb was produce and sent to Los Alamos, where it was made into a gun-type weapon. One small piece of Uranium-235, which was not big enough to hold a chain reaction itself, was fired at another small piece. This was done by means of a explosive charge, inside a cylinder shaped tube, which for... ...he U.S. built thousands of atomic bombs, and different types of smaller of fission weapons. A much more powerful bomb, the Hydrogen Bomb, became the leader of the U.S. nuclear arsenal. In general, the Hydrogen Bomb was like an atomic bomb with a Hydrogen fuel. The fuel would fusion (opposite of fission) from the bomb’s fission explosion, which would further strengthen the original fission, causing a much larger chain reaction. The United States was the only nation that had atomic weapons in 1945. Then in 1949, the USSR learned how to make them. Great Britain followed in 1952, France in 1960, the People’s Republic of China in 1964, and India (it was claimed that they were for peaceful purposes only) in 1974. In 1968, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty which was signed by the U.S., the USSR, and Britain. It set up precise requirements for any â€Å"non-nuclear† nations that want to build nuclear energy industries. However, several other countries are believed to have some nuclear weapons, like Israel and South Africa. North Korea, Iran , and Pakistan may be on the verge of nuclear discovery. When the Soviet Union broke up it added to risks of the spreading of nuclear power.

Atticus in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay

Who in To Kill a Mockingbird is a good father, a good lawyer and a good citizen? Atticus is a great father in many ways. One example would be his style of discipline, meaning that he tries to lead Scout and Jem through a discussion to see what it is that they have done wrong and why it is wrong. As a lawyer, during the case of Tom Robinson, Atticus does all that he could to prove Tom’s innocence’s. Lastly, as a good citizen, Atticus is known to be very respectful, like when he helps Ms.Dubose with her addiction. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, written by Harper Lee, Atticus Finch’s influence on his daughter Scout is made clear through the importance he places on education, the admirable ways he practices law, and through his effective interactions with Maycomb residents. Atticus Finch’s influence on his daughter Scout is made clear through the importance he places on education. After Scouts first day of school, she complained to Atticus of how the teac her argued that the both of them should no longer read together, so then she no longer would need to go to school. Atticus decided to change Scouts thinking by encouraging her and saying â€Å"If you’ll concede the necessity of going to school, we’ll go on reading every night just as we always have.† Atticus perspective of this was to prove to Scout that no one should interfere of what you want to do or have been doing, as long as you feel it is right. During the course of the case proceedings of Tom Robinson, it was a difficult time period for the Finches but Atticus warned Scout that if even if she hears anything about it in school, she should do him a favor and â€Å"You just hold your head high and keep those fists down. No matter what anybody says to you, don’t you let ’em get your goat? An educational view on this would be that as Scout being a student she must be determined in order to achieve her goals. While at the trial , during Atticus closing argument he pointed out that â€Å"The most ridiculous example I can think of is that the people who run pu blic education promote the stupid and idle along with the industrious- because all men are created equal, educators will gravely tell you, the children left behind suffer terrible feelings of inferiority.†. Atticus view of this would be that ‘men are created equal’ and so just as the stupid are treated the same as the smart students, the blacks should be treated the same way as the white citizens, and so in conclusion it results that Atticus puts great value on education. Atticus Finch’s influence on his daughter Scout is made clear through the admirable ways he practices law. Author, Harper Lee included a saying on â€Å"There’s something in our world that makes men lose their heads- they couldn’t be fair if they tried. In our courts, when it’s a white man’s word against a black man’s word, the white always wins. They’re ugly, but these are the facts of life†. This speech that Atticus said was to show Scout how much racism goes on in the town of Maycomb. In this case it was to prove that any conflict that may happen between a black man and a white man, the white man would always win so no matter what there would alway s be a racist person. According to Atticus, â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view – until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.† When Scout had complained about her first day at school and how Miss Caroline treated her, Atticus advised Scout to get to know her and let her learn more about the Maycomb ways before she makes judgments on her. Atticus was currently teaching Scout empathy, this is a quite a difficult task because people live their lives through their own understanding and only become open-minded when they see something from another person’s view. This quote is compared to Atticus during the court trial with Tom Robinson, he knew that his client was a black man but he did not judge his client based on his color and agreed to defend him. This puts an influence to Scout that you should judge anyone under any circumstance.

Comparison the characters Oedipus Odysseus Essay Essay Example

Comparison the characters Oedipus Odysseus Essay Essay Example Comparison the characters Oedipus Odysseus Essay Essay Comparison the characters Oedipus Odysseus Essay Essay The major focal point of this calamity is on the character of the hero. Oedipus. He is a individual of great importance ; in fact. the security and wellness of the community depend upon him. And he has to run into an pressing crisis. something which threatens the go oning being of the metropolis. And because he is really witting of his ain qualities. he takes upon himself that duty. Oedipus. above everything else at first. is a individual who acts resolutely and who is celebrated for so making. In that sense. Oedipus is like Odysseus. who is besides celebrated for his ability to move and respond in an exigency. What is most of import about them. nevertheless. emerges non from their initial determinations to move but instead from what happens as the struggle they are caught in gets more complicated. Oedipus has a heroic assurance in his ain abilities. and he has good ground for such assurance. both from his sense of past accomplishments and from the really high respect everyone has of these accomplishments. As his state of affairs gets more complicated and things do non work out as he has imagined they might. unlike Odysseus. he does non accommodate. alteration. or learn. He becomes more and more determined to see the job through on his ain footings ; he becomes progressively inflexible. Having accepted the duty for salvaging Thebes. he will on his ain see the affair through. without via media. without prevarications. without blind. Oedipus demands from life that it answers to him. to his vision of what it must be. Throughout the drama he is seeking to enforce his will upon events. Peoples around him are ever pressing cautiousness. prudence. even an forsaking of his quest. but to move on such advice would be for Oedipus a denial of what he is. And. as he repeatedly states. he would instead endure anything than compromise his sense of who he is and how he must carry on himself. Odysseus is rather distinguishable. He sees everything and is ever prepared to acknowledge that he has been incorrectly. He can accommodate ; that is one of the most attractive things about the narrative. The reader may cognize the result. what holds him is the outlook of some new disclosure about Odysseus’ bag of fast ones. What will he make next to acquire out of this jam? What is he making to prevail over the suers? Because he is such an infinitely protean character. the reader knows he is traveling to detect something new about Odysseus in every episode. The reader’s sense of Oedipus is really different. He is non traveling to be any different. he is traveling to persist in being precisely what he has been. So there is a awful captivation with seeing the events unfold. in seeing Oedipus himself become the major actuating force in his ain devastation. The force of the drama comes from the connexion between Oedipus’s agonies and his ain actions. that is. from the consciousness of how he himself is conveying upon his ain caput the awful result. Oedipus is doomed. chiefly because he is the kind of individual he is. Person else. person with a really different character. would non hold suffered Oedipus’s life.

Free Essays on Lucid Dreaming

## Roughly one-third of our lives are spent sleeping, and a significant amount of this time is spent dreaming. You have the ability to be conscious, awake, and well, lucid, in your dreams. Lucid dreaming is dreaming while being aware of being in a dream state. The term â€Å"lucid,† coined by Frederik Van Eeden in 1913, is used in the sense of mental clarity. Lucid dreaming is nothing more than becoming aware that you are dreaming. However, among these people, the amount of control and clarity varies greatly. A low- level lucid dream is one where you know you’re dreaming, but that’s it. In experiencing a higher level lucid dream, you have the power to control, influence, and react to various events and contents of the dream. For whoever achieves this state of lucidity, the benefits are potentially enormous. It gives you the chance to experience adventures unsurpassed in everyday life. You can, literally, do anything you wish; the only limits you are bound to, are set by your imagination. â€Å"Lucid dreaming gives us the ability to tap the power of the unconscious, and subconscious mind, giving us a valuable insight into our daily livesâ€Å" (Gackenbach/Bosveld). By learning to make the best of the worst situation imaginable, you can overcame nightmares and fears in the waking world. There are several techniques for inducing a lucid dream, and The Lucidity Institute, Inc., founded in 1987 by lucid dreaming researcher Dr. Stephen LaBerge to support research on lucid dreams and to help people learn to use them to enhance their lives, has created special devices to assist people in achieving lucid dreams. Inducing lucid dreams takes concentration, effort, and time, which some people may not be wanting to sacrifice to learn what they perceive as a â€Å"pointless† skill. The key is perseverance, and you will be successful. Some people have been able to... Free Essays on Lucid Dreaming Free Essays on Lucid Dreaming ## Roughly one-third of our lives are spent sleeping, and a significant amount of this time is spent dreaming. You have the ability to be conscious, awake, and well, lucid, in your dreams. Lucid dreaming is dreaming while being aware of being in a dream state. The term â€Å"lucid,† coined by Frederik Van Eeden in 1913, is used in the sense of mental clarity. Lucid dreaming is nothing more than becoming aware that you are dreaming. However, among these people, the amount of control and clarity varies greatly. A low- level lucid dream is one where you know you’re dreaming, but that’s it. In experiencing a higher level lucid dream, you have the power to control, influence, and react to various events and contents of the dream. For whoever achieves this state of lucidity, the benefits are potentially enormous. It gives you the chance to experience adventures unsurpassed in everyday life. You can, literally, do anything you wish; the only limits you are bound to, are set by your imagination. â€Å"Lucid dreaming gives us the ability to tap the power of the unconscious, and subconscious mind, giving us a valuable insight into our daily livesâ€Å" (Gackenbach/Bosveld). By learning to make the best of the worst situation imaginable, you can overcame nightmares and fears in the waking world. There are several techniques for inducing a lucid dream, and The Lucidity Institute, Inc., founded in 1987 by lucid dreaming researcher Dr. Stephen LaBerge to support research on lucid dreams and to help people learn to use them to enhance their lives, has created special devices to assist people in achieving lucid dreams. Inducing lucid dreams takes concentration, effort, and time, which some people may not be wanting to sacrifice to learn what they perceive as a â€Å"pointless† skill. The key is perseverance, and you will be successful. Some people have been able to...

Cause and Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Cause and Effect - Essay Example Moreover, they are affected by new experiences such as conflicts with roommates due to difference in personality, new social life changes and values exploration, which consequently may lead to development of stress. Likewise, the new students face steep competition from their peers, and similarly, most find themselves under peer pressure to try out new habits such as sex, drugs along with drinking. As a result, the freshmen face a number of consequences. Landow purports that stress in first year college students is highly associated to generalized anxiety (231). More importantly, it causes depression, and irritability, together with insomnia and nightmares. Besides this, some college freshmen complain of frequent fatigue that is accompanied by loss of appetite which is believed to originate from stress. More importantly, stress often leads to a decrease in productivity of the students, subsequently aggravating the stress and therefore influencing a downward spiral. It is therefore important for the college first-year students to maintain a balanced lifestyle ensuring that they receive enough sleep, exercise, food and

Assignment 3 Open Book Costing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Assignment 3 Open Book Costing - Essay Example Where as the relationship has to be regarded as long term and should be built on mutual trust. The system of open book costing is simple that is suppliers work in partnership with retailers so that costs can be condensed to benefit both parties. Open Book Costing (OBC) can be viewed as the authentic test of a tactical relationship. Open Book Costing is defined, in a partnering arrangement, as â€Å"openness, effective communication, close collaboration and cooperation, trust, honesty, transparency, sharing and mutual benefit† (The Chartered Institute of Purchasing & Supply, CIPS). CIPS thinks that the Open Book Costing is a useful tool to arrive at a greatest advantage from a partnering relationship of both buyer and seller. The purpose of this idea is to bring mutual benefit for both retailer and supplier. Supply and purchasing management use several approaches in dealing with suppliers for the supply of goods and services. One of these is the partnering system which is otherwise known as collaboration, which uses the open book costing. There are several structures of partnering agreement that could work well in buyer-supplier relations. The concept of OBC is effortlessly said but in real practice, discussions around it can harshly challenge a relationship. For instance disagreement with regard to important efficient parameters like output rate and labour requirements may prevail and the relationship is in danger of being tarnished. The parametric quantity may be comprehended as too cautious by the buyer or too motivated by the seller. The buyer is most likely to use this favoured information to attempt to force down the seller’s profit margin or to allege him of all the gains of a cost reduction scheme to himself. Open Book Costing emphasises the faith and dedication already present in the relationship. It elucidates the cost, and therefore the cost and impact of

Theorizing Popular Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Theorizing Popular Culture - Essay Example As we enter and tumble into the 21st century we're at a point in human evolution where traditional cultures pushed by rough edge of modernity are really stepping back into their own traditions, and embracing their belief systems. One of the manifestations of that is body marking. At the same time, I think there is a whole sector of modern society, not just youth, but across all sorts of generations, genders, and ethnic backgrounds that are in search of identity, meaning and ritual. Hence, a huge explosion of tribal tattooing, and body marking. This is referred to as the "modern primitive" movement within tattooing. I think there's a correlation because if you step back and look at it, it's the larger picture of mankind wanting identity, wanting a sense of place, a sense of ritual, and a sense of culture within their own community.(National Geographic 2004) Ear piercing can be traced back to 2nd century B.C. in Cyprus along with Iran from 2900-3500 BC and Iraq in 9th century BC, with pieces of art and jewelry in museums. Unfortunately the reasons for this ear piercing phenomenon have not been determined. However an Eskimo tribe in Alaska around 1918 used shark tooth earrings as a form of social rank. Another raising popularity involving ear piercing is stretching the earlobes to accommodate ear spools and ear plugs. Some examples can be found in places such as Guatemala 900-1500 AD with ear spools, and also in china with the stretching of the earlobes. Some people today still stretch their earlobes some examples can be found in Asia on an island named Borneo. Lip piercing another popular part of body piercing is lip piercing or labret piercing which some examples can be found in native Alaskan tribe around 1897. Lip plugs were worn by both men and women and represented those men had reached puberty. For women it was worn as decoration, or by women born of noble stature. Nose piercing, in today's culture can be stemmed from Alaska in the late 19th century and were considered a mark of distinction and prestige and were worn by both men and women. Body piercing in the cultural reference is seemingly just another form of individualism which has been practice in every culture for many centuries and will still be practice for many centuries to come. American's may not get their bodies pierced for the religious or cultural reasons that other countries do, but they still promote individualism that is ultimately behind it. This Modification is slowly becoming our present culture. Cultural Background on Tattoo's Tattooing is one of the most common forms of body adornment and individualism in America today. Tattooing has been practiced since the time of Ancient Egypt. "Tattoo is a word of Polynesian origin which is related to the Tahitian word tatau and the Marquesan word ta-tu." (University of Pennsylvania) One example of tattooing is the ancient Maori of New Zealand. Maori men have their faces, buttocks and thighs covered. This type of tattooing involves chiseling the skin and then placing ink the cuts to create the tattoo. Since this procedure is very painful it is done in stages starting in early adulthood. "The facial tattoos were an

Measuring the acceleration due to gravity in the lab Essay Example for Free

Measuring the acceleration due to gravity in the lab Essay The distance between the ceiling and the floor (h) was measured. A rubber was then dropped from the ceiling and the time taken for it to hit the ground was recorded. Results Attempt Time Taken (sec) 1 0. 47 2 0. 45 3 0. 71 4 0. 55 5 0. 5 6 0. 71 7 0. 4 8 0. 46 9 0. 58 10 0. 56 Average Time = Sum of all times Number of Times = (0. 47+0. 45+0. 71+0. 55+0. 5+0. 71+0. 4+0. 46+0. 58+0. 56) 10 = 5. 85 10 = 0. 59 sec (to 2 dp) H = height of the drop T = time taken Acceleration due to gravity = 2H T2 =2(2. 59) 0. 592 = 5. 18 0. 3481 = 14. 88 m/s2 (to 2 dp) Evaluation The results circled in the table are anomalous. There was a wide range of results, from 0. 4 to 0. 71. This spread of results indicates that the data may be inaccurate. Although the experiment was repeated nine times, different results were found at nearly every attempt. This could be due to the timing methods used. A stop clock held by a person was used to measure the time the rubber took to hit the ground. As a humans reaction times are not perfect, the button could have been pressed long after the rubber had touched the ground. Also, the timekeeper could have pressed the button too early; at the time he expected the rubber to fall in order to try and get a more accurate time. As the area used was not a vacuum, air resistance would have affected the results. The shape of the rubber dropped was a pyramid, so air resistance would be different dependant on the side upon which it was dropped. These reasons explain why some of the results were anomalous. I do not believe that the procedure was accurate enough to measure the acceleration due to gravity in the lab. The timing apparatus was too imprecise and the air resistance due to the lack of a vacuum meant that the data was not as exact as was needed. A more suitable set of timing equipment would have been to replace the stop clock with a light-gate and data-logger. A light gate would be positioned at the top of the drop, with one at the bottom. The computer would then calculate the time taken much more accurately. The air resistance could not be helped, as a vacuum would be highly impractical and unnecessary for our purposes. However, if it were possible, the experiment should have been performed in a complete vacuum. If a perfectly spherical object were used then the air resistance wouldnt be different no matter how it was dropped. The experiment should be repeated in exactly the same fashion as before, but with the changes outlined above implemented. This would give more accurate results. It should then be repeated in the same way as this, but with a denser object of the same dimensions. This would show that the acceleration was due to gravity and not the mass of the object. One more experiment should be undertaken with the same stipulations but an increased dropping height. This would show that the acceleration is the same no matter how high the object is dropped from.

The Disputed Reign of Dowager Empress Tz’u-hsi Essay -- Essays Papers

The Disputed Reign of Dowager Empress Tz’u-hsi Historical record is not always an accurate representation of fact. An example of this would be the long reign of the Dowager Empress Tz’u-hsi, in which there were hundreds of documents written about her life. These documents have been taken and used in the production of numerous books, especially among Western historians. It was these early historians who have established the widely accepted perspective that Tz’u-hsi hungered for power, abused it, and retained it using any means necessary. This understanding is echoed today by authors such as W.G. Sebald, author of The Rings of Saturn. There are many differences between the accounts of the Western perspective and that of Sebald’s, but the overall idea of Tz’u-Hsi as a conniving and unworthy Empress is intact between the two. Still, the investigation is not over. There happens to be an abundance of historical documentation and opinion that contradicts the Western view on Tz’u-hsi. First, We stern accounts of the major issues in Tz’u-hsi’s reign will be examined; following this will be a look at how unreliable these sources are by showing their inconsistencies, where the arguments came from, and the all the other evidence supporting a different perspective on the great Empress. It is possible the Empress was everything that her enemies said she was, but the evidence at hand does not support image of a sinister Tz’u-hsi. The Western perspective on the Dowager Empress is harsh and W.G. Sebald is perhaps the harshest of all of the Western historians. One of Sebald’s first descriptions of the Empress is that her â€Å"craving for power was insatiable† (Sebald 147). Sebald wastes no time in backing up this claim. At the cru... ...istorians like Sebald recognize the uncertainty. Works Cited Bland, J. O. P., and E. Backhouse. China Under the Empress Dowager. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914. Chung, Sue Fawn. â€Å"The Much Maligned Empress Dowager : A Revisionist Study of the Empress Dowager Tz’u-his.† Modern Asian Studies. 13 vol. Cambrige UP, 1979. JSTOR. 1 May 2005 < http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-749X%281979%2913%3A2%3C177%3ATMMEDA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-U>. Collis, Maurice. The Motherly and Auspicious. New York: G.P. Putnam’s, 1944. Laidler, Keith. The Last Empress. Chichester: John Wiley, 2003. Seagrave, Sterling. Dragon Lady. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992. Sebald, W. G. The Rings of Saturn. Trans. Michael Hulse. London: Harvill, 1995. Vare, Daniele. The Last Empress. Garden City: Doubleday, Doran, 1938. Warner, Marina. The Dragon Empress. New York: Macmillan, 1972.

American Woman Hair Styles and Head Gear in History :: essays research papers

American woman hair styles and head gear (1600-1775) In the American history there are three main head styling groups. These groups are the rich Virginian group from 1619-1675, the rich in the American colonies from 1675-1775, and finally the poor or middle class of the colonies, which since the hair didn’t change much was pretty much the same all through the era. Virginia (1619-1675) In the year 1619 the American style was very masculine. In America there weren’t very many women this was because America was a harsh land. The men in America would pay for women to come to America, but only if the women would marry them. The hard sea voyage meant that they needed good stiff hats that would actually stay on their heads. The year of 1660 was a year which was full of change, the rich people were coming over with new styles from France and Britain. This hair style pulled back most of the hair and coiled it in the back, and then the excess hair was curled and made to cascade around the face. Often time pearls and ribbons were added to the coil in the back. In 1675, the head coverings were â€Å"out† and only light head coverings were used, however, in the northern colonies heavy hoods were used frequently. The colonies as a whole (1675-1775) In 1750, the coiffure, which was used frequently among the rich of Europe, was finally catching on in the Americas. A coiffure was a French style that you have probably seen, it is huge hair styles that are made primarily out of horse hair and take hours to complete. The hair got big and wild and out of control. In some cases they even put cardboard cut outs of animals or trees in the sea of wire curls. Toward the end of the big hair the styles came close to the head and spread out. In the may of 1771 a girl sent a letter to the Boston Gazette telling of a woman with the coiffure. The girl had been walking down the streets when a woman driving her carriage had been thrown from her seat. The woman was alright, but the hair piece was completely torn from her head. Inside of the complicated hair piece was tallow and horse hair, to keep the good locking hair on the outside stiff. The feather in the hair was started by Marie Antoinette. She had a peacock feather in the tall hair and when the King exclaimed about how pretty he thought she looked, it became a new style. American Woman Hair Styles and Head Gear in History :: essays research papers American woman hair styles and head gear (1600-1775) In the American history there are three main head styling groups. These groups are the rich Virginian group from 1619-1675, the rich in the American colonies from 1675-1775, and finally the poor or middle class of the colonies, which since the hair didn’t change much was pretty much the same all through the era. Virginia (1619-1675) In the year 1619 the American style was very masculine. In America there weren’t very many women this was because America was a harsh land. The men in America would pay for women to come to America, but only if the women would marry them. The hard sea voyage meant that they needed good stiff hats that would actually stay on their heads. The year of 1660 was a year which was full of change, the rich people were coming over with new styles from France and Britain. This hair style pulled back most of the hair and coiled it in the back, and then the excess hair was curled and made to cascade around the face. Often time pearls and ribbons were added to the coil in the back. In 1675, the head coverings were â€Å"out† and only light head coverings were used, however, in the northern colonies heavy hoods were used frequently. The colonies as a whole (1675-1775) In 1750, the coiffure, which was used frequently among the rich of Europe, was finally catching on in the Americas. A coiffure was a French style that you have probably seen, it is huge hair styles that are made primarily out of horse hair and take hours to complete. The hair got big and wild and out of control. In some cases they even put cardboard cut outs of animals or trees in the sea of wire curls. Toward the end of the big hair the styles came close to the head and spread out. In the may of 1771 a girl sent a letter to the Boston Gazette telling of a woman with the coiffure. The girl had been walking down the streets when a woman driving her carriage had been thrown from her seat. The woman was alright, but the hair piece was completely torn from her head. Inside of the complicated hair piece was tallow and horse hair, to keep the good locking hair on the outside stiff. The feather in the hair was started by Marie Antoinette. She had a peacock feather in the tall hair and when the King exclaimed about how pretty he thought she looked, it became a new style.

The Philippine Pesoâ€Us Dollar Exchange Rate: the Impact of Strengthening Currency

INTRODUCTION The  foreign exchange market is a worldwide decentralized  over-the-counter  financial market for the trading of currencies. Financial centers around the world function as anchors of trading between a wide range of different types of buyers and sellers around the clock, with the exception of weekends. The foreign exchange market determines the relative values of different currencies. (wiki. org) The exchange rate is the price of a unit of foreign currency in terms of the domestic currency.In the Philippines, for instance, the exchange rate is conventionally expressed as the value of one US dollar in peso equivalent. The value of any particular currency is determined by market forces based on trade, investment, tourism, and  geo-political risk. Every time a tourist visits a country, for example, he or she must pay for goods and services  using the currency of the host country. Therefore, a tourist  must exchange the currency of his or her home country  for t he local currency. Currency exchange of this kind is one of the demand factors for a particular currency.Another important factor of demand  occurs when  a foreign company  seeks  to do business with a company in a specific country. Usually, the foreign company will have to pay the local company in their local currency. At other times, it may be desirable for an investor from one country to invest in another, and that investment would have to be made in the local currency as well. All of these requirements produce a need for foreign exchange and are the reasons why foreign exchange markets are so large. (investopia. om) In this paper the researchers attempt to show the impact of strengthening peso against the US dollar and what are the consequences behind it. It also attempt to show where should the government place itself when the opposing interest of the public are at stake. Background The Philippine peso has been one of the strongest currencies in Southeast Asian Region f or the past two year. It appreciated for an about 5. 6 percent from year 2009 to 2010 where the exchange rate is 47. 6372 to 45. 1097 a dollar—that is based on the average data from BSP.This appreciation may attributed to the increasing inflows of remittances from the overseas Filipino workers (OFWs), the improvement in portfolio and direct investment, the deterioration of United States’ dollar economy for the past two years and the attractiveness of the Southeast Asian Region to the foreign investors. Peso appreciation would provide to a positive and negative effect on different sectors. The appreciation of Philippine peso would mean a reduction of debt servicing; this would also mean a reduction of prices of imported commodities in terms of peso when the product came here.However, this appreciation will reduce the purchasing power of Dollar that OFWs send to their family here in the Philippines and it would also mean that exported product will be less competitive abr oad or if ever the exporter’s income will diminish. In this situation, the government is stock between letting the peso appreciate for the purpose of lower importation cost and lower debt services—or maintaining it at a lower value for the sake of OFWs and export sector. According to Senator Ralph Recto, chairman of the Senate Committee on ways and means, the Philippine peso could further appreciate up to P34 a dollar this year (2011).Inflow of remittances will continue to be strong and the outlook for foreign investments remains positive. The exchange rate is important for several reasons: (1) it serves as the basic link between the local and the overseas market for various goods, services and financial assets. Using the exchange rate, we are able to compare prices of goods, services, and assets quoted in different currencies. (2) exchange rate movements can affect actual inflation as well as expectations about future price movements.Changes in the exchange rate tend to directly affect domestic prices of imported goods and services. A stronger peso lowers the peso prices of imported goods as well as import-intensive services such as transport, thereby lowering the rate of inflation. (3) exchange rate movements can affect the country’s external sector through its impact on foreign trade. An appreciation of the peso, for instance, could lower the price competitiveness of our exports versus the products of those competitor countries whose currencies have not changed in value. 4) the exchange rate affects the cost of servicing (principal and interest payments) on the country’s foreign debt. A peso appreciation reduces the amount of pesos needed to buy foreign exchange to pay interest and maturing obligations. Foreign exchange policy in the Philippines has evolved from a pegged system to a floating rate regime over the last 50 years. The period of pegged exchange rate regime witnessed an extensive use of a myriad of administrative rules that were set to restrict access of Philippine residents and corporations to foreign currency.From 1949 to early 1970, foreign exchange policy was used to promote exports industries, to limit imports, and to try to change the orientation of the Philippine economy from agricultural to agro-industrial. Even after the floating rate system was adopted in 1970, it was not until late 1984 that the central bank stopped announcing a guiding rate and imposing a trading band. Moreover, it was a decade hence yet before the watershed set of reforms was issued. In 1993, the BSP liberalized capital flows and implemented a comprehensive set of foreign exchange market reforms.Today, even as there remain some prudential regulations with respect to foreign currency transactions, market forces determine the exchange rate. Furthermore, mechanisms to allow the economy to absorb shocks that a freely floating currency entails have been the subject of recent economic discussions. (BSP, 2008) Table 1: Phil ippine Foreign Exchange Policy, 1949-2007 Period | Milestones| 3 January 1949| The CBP began operations. It adopted a fixed exchange rate system, pegging the peso to the US dollar at P2. 00/US$1. December 1949| The CBP imposed a comprehensive system of foreign exchange controls, which included a foreign exchange allocation scheme that gave preference to export industries and the manufacturing and mining sectors, and placed restrictions on buying of foreign exchange for services-related imports. The restraints were an effective instrument in carrying out the â€Å"Filipino First† policy of the government. | 1959| The Philippines achieved its first ever post-war trade surplus. | 1962| The Government launched an integrated socio-economic program that almost entirely eliminated restrictions on trade and payments. 25 April 1960| The CBP launched a four-year program to dismantle the complicated system of foreign exchange controls imposed in the 1950s. The most important feature of the decontrol program was the adoption of a multiple exchange rate system which paved the way for a de facto devaluation of the peso. | January 1962| All restrictions on sales of foreign exchange were eliminated. | December 1949| The CBP imposed a comprehensive system of foreign exchange controls, which included a foreign exchange allocation scheme that gave preference to export industries and the anufacturing and mining sectors, and placed restrictions on buying of foreign exchange for services-related imports. The restraints were an effective instrument in carrying out the â€Å"Filipino First† policy of the government. | 1959| The Philippines achieved its first ever post-war trade surplus. | 25 April 1960| The CBP launched a four-year program to dismantle the complicated system of foreign exchange controls imposed in the 1950s. The most important feature of the decontrol program was the adoption of a multiple exchange rate system which paved the way for a de facto devaluat ion of the peso. 1962 | The Government launched an integrated socio-economic program that almost entirely eliminated restrictions on trade and payments. | January 1962| All restrictions on sales of foreign exchange were eliminated. | 22 January 1962| CB Circular No. 133 dated 22 January 1962 sought to establish a free market for foreign exchange and transferred the function of allocating exchange for most categories of payments from the administrative machinery of the CBP to the free market. | 5 November 1965| A new parity for the peso-dollar exchange rate was set at P3. 0/US$1| 21 February 1970| The CBP abandoned the fixed parity regime and adopted a floating rate system. The competitive rate was applied on all foreign exchange transactions except for 80 percent of export receipts from the country’s major commodities (namely, logs, centrifugal sugar, copra and copper concentrates) which were to be purchased at the rate ofP3. 90/US$1. | 1972| The CBP started lifting the major ity of foreign exchange restrictions, paving the way for partial liberalization in foreign trade and investment.The liberalization efforts focused on the suspension of nationality requirements in establishing industries, relaxation of repatriation policies, simplification of the tariff structure, import liberalization, and granting of various incentives to the export sector particularly on non-traditional commodities, such as textiles, garments and electronics. | April 1972| The foreign exchange trading band was widened to 41 2 percent on both sides of the guiding rate. 1982| â€Å"Operation Greenback† was launched to curb widespread illegal trading in the black market as the CBP implemented liberal authorization of establishments to operate as foreign exchange dealers. | October 1983| After consultation with the IMF and several foreign banks, Philippine economic managers requested a 90-day moratorium on principal payments of external debt owed to foreign commercial banks. Wi th scarcity of foreign exchange, a system of direct controls was put into effect. 4 November 1983| Local commercial banks were required to sell to the CBP all foreign exchange receipts for placement in a pool out of which payments were made on the basis of officially set priorities. | June 1984| The foreign exchange market was reopened. By October 1984, a measure of stability had been restored in the forex market and the CB reopened the foreign exchange trading system. The previous trading day’s completed transactions formed the basis for the Bankers Association of the Philippines (BAP) reference rate. With this system, the CBP stopped announcing an inter-bank guiding rate and imposing a trading band. August 1985| CBP lifted the ceiling in the amount of allowable foreign exchange holdings. | 1986| Import controls on a broad range of items were abolished. Likewise, the tariff structure was made more uniform; and discriminatory aspects of the domestic tax structure against impo rts were eliminated. | April 1992| Currency trading shifted from a short daily trading session to full off-floor interbank foreign exchange trading with the operation of the Philippine Dealing System (PDS). | 13 April 1993| CB Circular No. 1389 was issued, setting forth foreign exchange liberalization measures. July 1993| The CBP was reorganized into the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) by virtue of the New Central Bank Act (R. A. No. 7653). | September 1995| The Philippines acquired Article VIII status with the IMF with the lifting of all restrictions on current account transactions. | July 1997| Asian currency and financial crisis emerged. The BSP implemented measures to rationalize the rules and regulations governing non-trade related FX transactions to restore stability in the FX market and mitigate the impact of the Asian crisis on the economy. December 1997| Circular 149 implemented the Currency Rate Risk Protection Program (CRPP). | 2 October 2006| A new peso-dollar trading platform was launched, replacing the Philippine Dealing System in providing the main reference rate for dollar-peso conversions. | 2 April 2007| Circular 561 s. 2007, dated 8 March 2007, took effect. In the face of strong inflows, the BSP liberalized the foreign exchange regulations to allow greater market access to foreign exchange for outward investment and over-the-counter transactions. January 2008| The second phase of reforms in the foreign exchange regulatory framework (Circular 590 dated 27 December 2007) was implemented. These reforms focus mainly on promoting greater integration with international capital markets, diversifying risk supportive of an expanding economy with global linkages, and streamlining the documentation and reporting requirements on the sale of FX by banks. | Source: Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), Working Paper Series I. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThe general problem of the study, â€Å"The Philippine Peso-US Dollar Exchange Rate: The Impact of Strength ening Currency† is to determine the impact of the appreciation of Philippine peso during the year 2009-2010. Specifically, the problems are the following: 1. Effects or impact of the appreciation of Philippine peso on consumption, government spending, investment, import-export and debt servicing; 2. What are the reasons for the appreciation of Philippine peso 2009-2010; 3. What is the role of the Bangko Central ng Pilipinas in the Foreign Exchange Market; 4.What are possible future movements on the Philippine peso against US dollar and how does it affect the country’s economy. II. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY General Objective: To determine the economic impact of the appreciation of Philippine peso. Specifically, the study attempts to: 1. Determine the effect of the appreciation of Philippine peso: a. Consumption b. Investment c. Government spending d. Import and export e. Debt servicing 2. To examine the reasons behind the appreciation of the Philippine peso during 2009-2010 3. To determine the role of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) on the Foreign Exchange Market 4.To determine the future movement of Philippine peso against the US dollar and its effect to the country’s economy. III. HYPOTHESES The researchers believe to the following hypothesis: 1. The effects of appreciation has a great impact—positive and negative—on consumption, government spending, investment, import-export and debt servicing; 2. Philippine peso appreciation was caused by several factors such as the robust economy of the Philippine as well as the increasing amount of remittances from the overseas Filipino workers (OFWs). 3.The role of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas(BSP) is to maintain the stability of Philippine peso against other currency 4. The Philippine peso will further appreciate in the near future against the US dollar and this appreciation will boost the economy through saving. IV. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study is conducted to determine th e impact of peso appreciation on the economy. It shows the effect on different sectors of the economy. It attempts to show the impact of strengthening peso against the US dollar and what are the consequences behind it.It also attempt to show where should the government place itself—through the use of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas—when the opposing interest of the public are at stake. It also attempts to show how to maximize the advantage of strengthening peso against the dollar on the term of government spending. And to some extent, to serve as guide in policy making through the use of recommendation. V. SCOPE AND LIMITATION The study â€Å"The Philippine Peso-US Dollar Exchange Rate: The Impact of Strengthening Currency† limit its scope on Philippine peso against US dollar from year 2000 to 2010.VI. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE â€Å"The Indian Rupee–US Dollar Exchange Rate: The impact of Strengthening Currency† Reasons behind the appreciation of th e Rupee in 2006-2007 Toward the end of 2006, foreign exchange inflows, especially of dollars, into India started rising sharply. This put upward pressure on the rupee’s exchange rate against the dollar. India’s steady economic growth offered several opportunities for foreign companies. Between April 2006 and March 2007, FDI of $16 billion flowed to India. VII. RELATED STATISTICSForeign currency reserves, gold, special drawing rights (SDRs), foreign investments as well as the Reserve Position in the Fund (RPF) are main components of the Gross International Reserves (GIR). The GIR constitutes the foreign assets valued mark-to-market, which are readily available to and controlled by the BSP for direct financing of payments imbalances and for managing the magnitude of such imbalances. The BSP estimates the level of Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) remittances, which props up the country’s foreign currency reserves. (BSP website) VIII. DISCUSSION (Impact on the Philipp ine economy)A. Consumption The appreciation of Philippine peso against the US dollar affects the consumption of Filipinos. Especially the families of overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) who receives remittances coming from abroad—which are commonly dollar denominated. According to BSP, the US dollar remittances of OFWs increase by 8. 16% from 2009 up to 2010. On the year 2010, the overseas Filipino workers remittances reflect 29. 55 percent of the Gross National Products (GNP). According to Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, on the year 2010 the peso appreciated at an about 5. % on average basis (see table 2). This means that the purchasing power of the dollar remittances lower for an about 5. 6% in the Philippines. On the letter written by the Filipino Community in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to the President in Malacanan in August 2006, they stated their predicament regarding appreciation of Philippine peso against the US dollar: (a) the salaries remained the same while the cost of living have increased, which means less income to be available for remittances; which worsen when peso appreciated from Php55 to Php45 versus US dollar. b) the continued appreciation effectively reduced the value of remittances at an average 18%. The strengthening or appreciation of Philippine currency had a positive effect on consumption, it enable to somewhat, catch the effect of inflation of the commodities that are being imported from abroad. Ironically, disadvantage of a strong peso is that the beneficiaries of OFWs who contributes significantly in making the peso strong, get less of the remittances that their relatives send them since the Dollar loses its purchasing power by the peso appreciation.And finally, a sector which for us is really getting the worst out of the situation are the domestic producers since a strong peso would make imported goods cheaper since the peso appreciates thus making it purchase imported goods more. Table 2. The Philippine Peso – US Dollar Exchan ge Rate CROSS RATE OF THE PESO| in pesos per unit of foreign currency| period averages| Period| Dollar to Peso| 2000| 44. 194| 2001| 50. 993| 2002| 51. 604| 2003| 54. 203| 2004| 56. 040| 2005| 55. 086| 2006| 51. 314| 2007| 46. 148| 2008| 44. 475| 2009| 47. 637| 2010| 45. 110| Source: BSP (edited)The table above shows how much a dollar worth in peso term during the year 2000 up to 2010. B. Investment Another advantage of a strong Philippine Peso is that it would reflect a robust economy for the country, which could leverage itself to attract foreign investors in the country which could provide significant inflows for investments to the country that further improve the economy. A positive outlook is very important to a country to seek investors to show confidence in investing to country since their outlook would be one of the considerations investors would consider.The first thing that an investor would want to know is that if they would get their desired rate of return at a certain p eriod of time. Facing uncertainties and risks, investors would like to gather as much information to aide them to their decision making minimizing uncertainties and factors such as oil prices, stability of the government and the economy are some of the preliminary facts to consider. If from these preliminary factors as country fails to impress investors, important investment inflows would be going to somewhere else.It affects the foreign exchange since as we have stated earlier, foreign investments helps the Peso appreciate. The Philippine Daily Inquirer published in their December 1 2006 paper that business confidence, which reflects foreigners outlooks to the country, has soared to a 5 and a half year high of 49% compared to just 22% a quarter ago. Another outlook factor that could affect the foreign exchange market is the credit rating by firms such as S&P and filch. These firms are respected firms and reliable so anything that they publish would be taken seriously by interes ted parties.A credit downgrade by these agencies affects the Peso negatively as it gives of a bad image of the country to interested investors but at the same time a positive rating would help the Peso strengthen. Just like the OFWs, investments from foreigners improve and help peso appreciation and generally the economy as a whole. Having superb Dollar inflow allows the BSP to increase international reserves of debt curbing down Peso devaluation and aiding to Peso appreciation.According to BSP, transactions during February 2011 resulted in a net inflow of US$534 million, nearly thrice the US$193 million net inflow in January due to lower outflows (US$935 million in February 2011 against US$1. 3 billion in January 2011). The net inflow also represented almost four times the US$139 million recorded a year ago due to more registered investments this year, US$1. 5 billion compared to only US$500 million last year. This year’s rise in registered investments is backed by a surge i n investments in Peso-denominated government securities (Peso GS), to US$730 million of total (or 49. percent) against US$90 million in 2010. Favorable yields have attracted foreign investor to Peso GS placements. Investments in PSE-listed shares amounted to US$740 million (or 50. 4 percent of total registered investments), twice the US$370 million recorded in February 2010. The US$730 million balances of registered investments were in Peso GS and Peso time deposits with minimum maturity of 90 days (nil in February this year against US$40 million last year). Singapore, the United States, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg and Hong Kong were the top five (5) investor countries, collectively contributing 89. percent to total registered investments. Registration of inward foreign investments with the BSP is voluntary. It entitles the investor or his representative to buy foreign exchange from authorized agent banks or their subsidiary/affiliate foreign exchange corporations for repatriatio n of capital and remittance of dividends/profits/earnings that accrue on the registered investment. For the first two months of the year, transactions netted an inflow of US$727 million, 135. 6 percent higher than the figure recorded for the comparable period in 2010.Registered investments reached US$3. 0 billion, or an increase of 179. 3 percent from last year’s performance. Investments in PSE-listed shares of US$1. 4 billion exceeded the 2010 figure by 68. 3 percent. Major beneficiaries were banks (US$336 million); holding firms (US$248 million); utility companies (US$241 million); property firms (US$182 million); and telecommunication companies (US$167 million). Portfolio funds have also been re-rating Asia as an investment destination and their flows have reinforced the uptrend in Asian currencies.With developed markets weighed down with debt and facing years of sluggish growth, fund managers are looking into Asia, citing the region’s fast growth rates and strong c orporate balance sheets. (BSP, issuances) Asia is set to continue being a strong destination of portfolio flows over the coming months. The high Asian equity correlation with local currencies will help fuel further gains in the Philippine peso and other Asian currencies. C. Government SpendingWe all know that the government’s responsibility is the acquisition of goods and services for current use to directly satisfy individual or collective needs of the members of the community. They allocate the fund for Personal Services, Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses, Capital Outlays and Net Lending, Public Infrastructure and effectively marginalized resources for the poor. But it’s not that easy because the government must be aware of those risks that might affect their expenditures. One of it is the Philippine Peso condition in exchange rate – if the currency appreciates or evaluate. Now therefore, how thus the exchange rate may affect the government spending? Pa ying Philippines’ debt will affect our Government’s spending. In fact, based on the data from Bureau of Treasury, more than 77. 6 percent of the P104. 4 billion increase in the 2011 budget came from the huge P80. 99 billion rise in interest payment for government’s spending. The Aquino administration is proposed interest payment of P357. 09 billion in the 2011 budget, or 21. 7 percent of its planned spending program. But the total debt burden for this year could actually reach P823. 27 billion.Thus, debt burden represents 38. 9 percent of what the Aquino administration is willing to spend this year. If peso appreciates, it has a good impact in our external debt since our debt will decrease in peso terms. We will pay less and that will affect our spending. The remaining money that allocated for payment of external debt will be used for government spending. More resources are available to spend for social and economic development of our country. On the other hand, peso depreciates has a bad effect. Our debt will increase so we will pay more, that is, in peso terms.Little amount of money will be allocate for government spending. The government will force to minimize their expenditure. Such a heavy debt burden means fewer resources are available to spend for social and economic services badly needed by the people. Let’s now look at the effect of peso condition in trade. Strong peso has a negative effect in exporters. They will lose income since there was less peso in exchange of their dollar earnings or a strong peso translates to lesser value for their dollar-denominated revenues. Prices of their products may also become less competitive in the world market.The smaller the earnings or profit of exporters, the smaller tax they will pay in the government. That will affect the governments’ spending. If there are small fund comes from tax, government need to minimize their expenditure. On the other hand, strong peso has a positive e ffect on importers. They will pay less in foreign products. They will earn more and pay more tax. Again, the tax will proceed in government’s fund so more tax, more funds that government may spend for the people’s benefits. Weak peso has good effects in exporters.Prices of their products become more competitively in the world market. They will receive more peso in exchange of their earnings so they will pay more tax. More tax, more funds that government may spend for the benefits of the people. When peso depreciates importers will force to pay more for foreign products. That is bad for them and for government spending. Since the smaller the earnings or profit of importers, the smaller tax they will pay. Government will force to minimize their expenditures. As we observed, peso condition has different effects in different factors.That is the reason why it’s hard for the government to ask the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) to intervene the strengthening peso. W e cannot easily believe that a strong peso means a strong republic. So government must look at different factors and learn before engaging the country in different risk. As we also observed, the effect of peso condition in the sources of government funds is the same in the impact of peso condition in government spending. If the effect in the sources of funds is negative, the impact in the government spending is also negative.When the effect is positive, the impact in government spending is also positive. Overview: Import and Export Since World War II, the Philippines experienced frequent trade deficits, aggravated by inflationary pressures. Deficits were counterbalanced by US government expenditures, transfer of payments from abroad, official loans (US Export-Import Bank, IBRD, and private US banks), net inflow of private investment, tourist receipts, remittances from Filipino workers overseas, and contributions from the IMF. In 1996, trade liberalization policies helped to push imp orts up by 22% while exports rose by only 18%.The result was a widening trade deficit that amounted to 13% of GDP. Foreign investment in the stock market and remittances from overseas workers helped to offset the deficit and avert a balance-of payments crisis. In 1998, the Philippines recorded a trade surplus at about 2% of GNP in the current account due to high electronics exports and low imports due to the devaluation of the peso. This was the first surplus in 12 years. Merchandise exports, in double digits through most of the 1990s, slowed to a single-digit growth pace in 2000, reflecting fewer export receipts from electronics and telecommunications parts and equipment.This decline was attributed by the electronics industry to weaker prices for maturing products and technologies, and to the decline in electronic industry investments from the 1994–97 boom years (when investment averaged $1. 5 billion a year). Traditionally, exports of primary products failed to balance impo rts, leading the government to restrict imports. Structural change accelerated in the 1970s, as the contribution of industry (including construction) to GDP rose from 29. 5% in 1970 to 36. % by 1980, primarily as a result of export-oriented industrialization promoted by the Marcos government. The Aquino assassination in August 1983 had immediate economic consequences for the Marcos government, as did the broader Third World Debt Crisis. Hundreds of millions of dollars in private capital fled the Philippines, leaving the country with insufficient foreign exchange reserves to meet its payments obligations. The government turned to the IMF and its creditor banks for assistance in rescheduling the nation's foreign debt, and an austerity program was set up during 1984–85.In December 1986, under IMF guidance, the Aquino government launched a privatization program with the establishment of the Assets Privatization Trust (APT). Monopolies established under the Marcos administration i n coconuts, sugar, meat, grains, and fertilizer were dismantled and a ban on copra exports was lifted. All export taxes were abolished; and the government allowed free access to lower-cost or higher-quality imports as a means of improving the cost-competitiveness of domestic producers.Many difficulties remained, however. The prices of commodity exports, such as sugar, copper, and coconut products, were still weak, while demand for nontraditional manufactured products, such as clothing and electronic components, failed to rise. The structural reforms produced an initial recovery between 1986 and 1989, but this was arrested by the series of natural disasters in 1990–1991. In 1986, Aquino had also embarked on a Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Programme, but its goals remain unfulfilled.In the 1990s, the government concluded three additional financial arrangements with the IMF—a stand-by agreement signed 20 February 1991 for about $240 million (all drawn); an arrangement und er the Extended Fund Facility (EFF) signed 24 June 1994 for about $554 million (all drawn), and a stand-by agreement signed 1 April 1998 for about $715 million (76. 7% drawn down as of 31 December 2002). At the end of 2002, the Philippines owed over 140% of its quota to the Fund. Scheduled debt repayments to the IMF for 2003 are about $330 million, and outstanding loans and purchases are not due to be retired until at least 2007.The country also had five debt reschedulings in the period 1984 to 1991 with the Paris Club—for official debt owed to aid donor countries—on which some payments are still owing. In January 2003, the Trade and Development Department announced at least a partial retreat from its 15 years of trade and investment liberalization, stating that it plans to bring tariff rates to the maximum allowed by the WTO for industrial imports, particularly petroleum imports, and for products produced in the Philippines. (Tradechakra. com) D. Import The Philippine economy is largely import oriented in terms of the value of merchandise trade.A sizable trade deficit continues primarily because of merchandise imported to meet the strong demand for raw materials, intermediate goods, industrial upgrades and infrastructure related capital goods. An emerging market, the Philippine economy continues to recover from the political instability of the 1980s, a series of natural disasters in the 1990s. Many of the products being imported are for improvement of the country's production capabilities. The development of industry has been hindered by such factors as electric power shortages and a still developing infrastructure.The Philippine government has taken several significant steps to reduce bureaucratic regulations and foster competition. In recent years it has revised and enacted tax, labor, health, safety environmental and other laws and policies with the aim of regulating industry. The Philippines import commodities such as electronic products, mi neral fuels, machinery and transport equipment, iron, and textile fabric. Philippines’ trading partners are Japan 15. 32%, US 11. 47%, Singapore 9. 54%, China 8. 93%, Taiwan 8. 27% (2009). Year| Imports | | (Billion US dollars)| 2001| 35| 2002| 30| 003| 33. 5| 2004| 35. 97| 2005| 37. 5| 2006| 42. 66| 2007| 51. 6| 2008| 57. 56| 2009| 60. 78| 2010| 46. 39| Source:  International Trade Center – UNCTAD / WTO Source:  CIA World Factbook  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of March 11, 2010 The table and graph above show that Year 2009 has the highest imports recorded with $60. 78B. On the other hand, the lowest imports recorded in the past ten years was on 2002 having $30B. This entry provides the total US dollar amount of merchandise imports on a c. i. f. (cost, insurance, and freight) or f. o. b. free on board) basis. These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis. i. e. not in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. E. Exp ort An export-oriented economic policy had boosted the economies of the newly industrialized countries of Asia. Philippines policy makers have also realized that the Philippines cannot achieve its aim of becoming the next â€Å"economic tiger† of Asia without shifting to an export-oriented economic programme. Export promotion programmes are public policy measures which actually or potentially enhance exporting activity at the company, industry or national level.Ideally, an export promotion policy should be backed up with an appropriate political and economic philosophy of the government. Export promotion policies should take into account the nature, size, and distribution of the individual exporting firms. As a developing country, the Philippines really does not have much choice in the matter. It needs to increase its export volume as a matter of economic survival, and within its national context, only the public sector has the resources to provide export promotion services t o small and medium-sized businesses in a cost-effective way.It was evident by the end of the 1970s, that the institutional reforms did not go far enough in achieving the major objectives of development. Typical of most small developing country trades, Philippines export trade has been characterized by a high degree of commodity and geographic concentration. As late as 1970, ten principal traditional export commodities comprised three quarters of total exports value. The first three top dollar earners (sugar, logs and lumber and copper concentrates) easily accounted for a little more than half of total export earnings.A definite shift to export promotion was observed in the decade of the 1970s. In spite of the export orientation reflected in exchange rate and industrial promotion policies, the structure of protection accorded by tariff policy remained basically inward looking. The general picture that emerges from the above discussion is that while foreign exchange, trade and industr ial incentive policies in the seventies had taken an unmistakable shift toward export promotion, they had stopped short of completely eliminating the biases against export sales. Philippines’ export partners are US 15. 35%, Japan 14. 19%, China 13. 9%, Singapore 9. 44%, Hong Kong 9%, South Korea 5. 12%, Germany 4. 1% (2009). Year| Exports| | (Billion US dollars)| 2001| 2. 677| 2002| 2. 929| 2003| 2. 748| 2004| 3. 303| 2005| 3. 431| 2006| 4. 243| 2007| 3. 899| 2008| 4. 081| 2009| 3. 189| 2010| 4. 288*| *Source:  International Trade Center – UNCTAD / WTO Source:  CIA World Factbook  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of March 11, 2010 The graph and table show the Philippine exports to all countries. The highest export reported in the past ten years was during on 2010 having S4. 288B while the lowest was on 2003 having S2. 3B A strong peso is generally favorable to the economy as a whole but there are certain sectors of the indu stry and society that are affected by a strong peso. Weakened by a strong peso since their good would become offensive since the peso appreciates which makes them less competitive in the export market. Although may be affected, all is not lost since there are financial solutions to at least mitigate the handicap they are facing because exporters could enter into hedging agreement or derivatives where they could enter into a contract to protect them from the Peso appreciation.The tourism industry weakens as well since a strong peso makes staying for a vacation in a country would make it more expensive. The effect of a strong peso on tourism industry also affects the hotel industry since it is some what related as a strong tourism industry means more bookings with hotels for a place to stay. An ironic advantage of a strong peso is that the beneficiaries of the OFWs who contribute significantly in making the peso strong, get less of the remittances that their relatives send them since the dollar loses its purchasing power by the peso appreciation.And finally, in sector which for us is really getting the worst out of the situations are the domestic producers since a strong peso appreciates thus making it purchase imported goods more. The industry is for direct investments. The negative aspects of a strengthening peso is very much in the news, what with OFW families getting into financial trouble, and exporters complaining about their products getting to be too expensive for foreign buyers. What often gets overlooked is the fact that the Peso appreciation also has a positive side, and if one takes a good look at this, it is at least equally important as the negative side to this trend.These are some of the positive effects of strengthening peso: Increases in the world market prices of imported goods have lesser effect. Oil prices have shot up in dollar terms, and thanks to the increased value of the peso, the actual effect on the prices of oil products have not bee n as much as otherwise would have been the case. The same could be said of wheat prices, etc. which have also risen. Dollar-denominated foreign debts can be repaid with less pesos. The Philippine government has saved billions of pesos as a result of the dollar’s drop in value. Philippine companies with foreign debts have likewise benefited.Capital flight from the Philippines has lessened. The strengthening peso means that it is no longer a wise financial move to move funds to a foreign dollar account. It would be much more profitable to keep the money in pesos. At the same time, there is some kind of poetic justice that corrupt officials with funds abroad suffer from a severe cut in the value of their â€Å"loot†. Skyrocketing real estate prices would be dampened. Many Overseas Filipinos (mostly in the dollar area) have driven up prices of real estate throughout the country. The decreased value of their dollars may result in the cooling down of the buying frenzy for la nd by OFs.Increased attention to the domestic market from investors and (former) exporters. Some exporters are coping with the decreased demand for their products in the US by either shifting to other countries or to selling domestically. The increased supply of products to the domestic market would help to lessen prices and improve the product quality of domestically available goods. At the same time, the value of the local market for foreign investors has increased. Since the peso’s value has increased, the potential sales and profits offered by the domestic market has increased in terms of dollars.Lower interest rates. The steadily depreciating dollar is pushing the US Fed to decrease their interest rates – in response, countries like the Philippines decrease their interest rates accordingly, in order to avoid the interest rate differential to get too high. Low interest rates are good because it stimulates business, and also consumer spending, both of which are good for the economy. Lower cost of imported capital goods. For example, the peso value of new airplanes is now much less than it was even a year ago. This is the same for other items e. g. heavyconstruction equipment, computers, etc.This would help stimulate the economy, and could also lead to decreased prices for consumers. Posted: by butalidnl on 18 January 2008 F. Debt Payment As we all know, Philippine peso had appreciated in these past few years against the US dollar and implies high advantage to our economy. One of the advantage of the peso appreciation is the lower debt servicing, in which, it lessen the external debt of the country. As of December 2010, the National Government debt was recorded at P4, 718 billion, lower by P1 billion from end November 2010 level of P4, 719 billion.Of the total debt, P2, 000 billion or 42. 4% is owed to foreign creditors and P2, 718 billion or 57. 6% to domestic creditors. The decrease in NG’s foreign debt of P2 billion from the level as of end November 2010 was brought about by the P5 billion net repayment and P16B appreciation of the peso against the US dollar. This however was partially offset by the P18 billion net appreciation of the third currencies against the US dollar and P1 billion adjustment resulting from late receipt of notices of availment.The domestic debt increased by P1 billion from the previous month’s level resulting from the net issuance of government securities by NG. On the other hand, the contingent debt of the National Government, composed mainly of guarantees issued by the National Government, increased to 550 billion, lower by P10 billion from end November 2010 level of P560 billion. The decrease in domestic contingent obligations was due to the misclassification of the P12 billion HGC guaranteed PAGIBIG bonds as NG direct guaranteed loan.The increase in foreign contingent obligations was due to the combined effects of the P3 billion appreciation of the peso against the US dollar, P2 billion net repayment and P7 billion net appreciation of the third currencies against the US dollar. (Bureau of Treasury, Press Release) Source: Bureau of treasury Source: Bureau of treasury G. Reasons for the appreciation on 2009-2010 One of the key reasons why the Philippine currency had experienced a significant increase on its value during the last two years was because of the increasing number of Filipino dollar remittances from abroad.The strengthening of the value of Philippine peso during 2008 was attributed to the recession that the America had experienced during the last quarter of that year. However, the Philippine currency had experienced depreciation on the year 2009; because that is the year the country receive the impact of recession from 2008 that America had experienced. This has same effect on the ASEAN region where the Philippine is belong; their currency had also experienced depreciation. The Philippine had set a cushioning effect against the recession due to it s dollar remittances coming from OFW’s in different part of the work.H. The role of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) maintains a floating exchange rate system. Exchange rates are determined on the basis of supply and demand in the foreign exchange market. The role of the BSP in the foreign exchange market is principally to ensure orderly conditions in the market. The market-determination of the exchange rate is consistent with the Government’s commitment to market-oriented reforms and outward-looking strategies of achieving competitiveness through price stability and efficiency.In the Philippines, peso-dollar trading among Bankers Association of the Philippines (BAP) member-banks and between these banks and the BSP are done through the Philippine Dealing System (PDS). Most of the BAP-member banks which participate in the peso-dollar trading use an electronic platform called the Philippine Dealing and Exchange Corp. (PDEx). The BAP appoi nted PDEx as the official service provider for the USD/PHP spot trading (which involve the purchase or sale of the US dollar for immediate delivery, i. e. , within one day for US dollars), and Reuters, as the exclusive distributor of all PDEx data.Trading through the PDEx allows nearly instantaneous transmission of price information and trade confirmations. I. The future movement of Philippine Peso Against US dollar Remittances from overseas Filipinos workers (OF) coursed through banks continued to show strength at the start of 2011, rising year-on-year by 7. 6 percent to   US$1. 48 billion, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) Governor Amando M. Tetangco, Jr. announced. This positive development reflected increased remittances from both sea-based and land-based workers, with their ransfers rising by 13. 3 percent and 6. 2 percent, respectively. Remittance flows into the country remained resilient on the back of sustained demand for skilled overseas Filipino workers in different dest inations worldwide. The Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA) reported that, of the total approved 99,926 job orders for land-based workers for the period  Ã‚   1 January – 28 February 2011, more than two-fifths represented processed job orders for service, production, and professional, technical and related workers.The processed job orders are intended for the manpower requirements in Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Taiwan, and Kuwait. In its market update, the POEA stated that the Department of Labor and Employment's Philippine Overseas Labor Office in Rome, Italy, reported that a new quota decree has been signed in November 2010, which will allow the entry of 100,000 foreign workers in Italy, of which 4,000 new hires are allotted to the Philippines. Meanwhile, the POEA also reported that the country's seafaring industry is aggressively targeting to capture at least 50 percent of the global requirement for seafarers in the future.To achieve this, the seafaring in dustry has invested in world-class training modules and facilities to upgrade the quality of skills of Filipino seafarers. The continued enhancement of financial services worldwide through tie-ups with foreign financial institutions, establishment of remittance centers and marketing offices abroad, as well as the stronger partnerships forged with correspondent banks and branches/representative offices abroad also helped shore up the flow of remittances into the country.The expansion of the remittance network indicated the continuing efforts of local banks and other financial institutions to capture a larger market share of the global remittance industry and provide safe, affordable and accessible fund transfer system for the overseas Filipino workers and their beneficiaries.The peso strengthened in the first trading day of the week as beliefs that the economy would grow in 2011 given its positive fundamentals offset concerns over the ill-effects of adverse offshore developments, suc h as the earthquake in Japan and lingering unrest in selected countries in the Middle East and North Africa. The local currency closed at 43. 59 against the US dollar on Monday, up by 6 centavos from Friday’s finish of 43. 65. Intraday high hit 43. 56:$1, while intraday low settled at 43. 72:$1. Volume of trade inched up to $1. 023 billion from $772. 8 million previously. Traders said external factors had been weighing down on the peso and other Asian currencies. Nonetheless, they said, the peso has been expected not to depreciate and that domestic factors have beefed up sentiment on the economy. Traders and other economic players still expect the Philippines to post a decent growth this year, aided by remittances and improving business and consumer sentiment. In 2010, the economy grew by 7. 3 percent, the fastest pace registered in over three decades. (inquire. net) IX. GENERALIZATIONThe study, â€Å"The Philippine Peso-US dollar Exchange Rate: The impact of Strengthening C urrency†, aimed the following objectives: 1) to determine the economic impact of the appreciation of Philippine peso; 2) determine the effect of the appreciation of Philippine peso (consumption, investment, government spending, import, export, debt servicing); 3)to determine the reasons behind the appreciation of the Philippine peso during 2009-2010; 4) to determine the role of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) on the Foreign Exchange Market; 5) to determine the future movement of Philippine peso against the US dollar.The significance of this study was to determine the impact of peso appreciation on the economy. It shows the effect on different sectors of the economy. It attempts to show the impact of strengthening peso against the US dollar and what are the consequences behind it. It also attempt to show where should the government place itself when the opposing interest of the public are at stake through Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Based on the date gathered, the first hypothesis is accepted. The effects of appreciation have a great impact consumption, government spending, investment, import-export and debt servicing.There were two impacts on consumption, first is the value of imported commodities are cheaper in terms of peso. Second, the purchasing power of dollar remittances will decrease. In government spending, If peso appreciates, it has a good impact in our external debt since our debt will decrease. We will pay less and that will affect our spending. The remaining money that allocated for payment of external debt will be used for government spending. More resources are available to spend for social and economic development of our country.Peso appreciation will cause the exports become less competitive in the international market that will result to less revenues in terms of exports. Imported products will become cheaper that can cause the people to purchase more of it. Another advantage of a strong Philippine Peso is that it would reflect a robust economy for the country which could leverage itself to attract foreign investors in the country which could provide significant inflows for investments to the country furthering improving the economy.A positive outlook is very important to a country to seek investors to show confidence in investing to country since their outlook would be one of the considerations investors would consider. One of the advantage of the peso appreciation is the lower debt servicing, in which, it lessen the external debt of the country. The second hypothesis is also accepted. Philippine peso appreciation was caused by several factors such as the robust economy of the Philippine as well as the increasing amount of remittances from the overseas Filipino workers (OFWs).The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas has the role of maintaining the inflation and has the power to intervene in Foreign Exchange market. It is the tool being used by the government in monetary policy. Based on the information that was rel eased by the BSP the peso is expected to appreciate, prior to the events that struck one of the major Economic Partner of the Philippines—Japan—and prior to the political instability from Arab nations, which is one of the major source of dollar remittances of the country.X. RECOMMENDATION The researchers’ believe that the government should maintain the peso appreciate so that it will lessen the burden of paying excessive debt–principal and interest. And to maintain the prices of the commodity that are being imported at a low price, such as oil which is vital in the daily economic activity and other commodity that is not produce in the county.On the other hand, the government should provide a OFWs remittance stabilization fund—from the money that the government had saved in debt servicing—that pegged the exchange rate between peso and dollar, because OFWs’ remittances are crucial in maintaining the high value of the peso against the do llar and the effects that it will brought to the economy. . We cannot easily believe that a strong peso means a strong republic. So government must look at different factors and learn before engaging the country in different risk.As we also observed, the effect of peso condition in the sources of government funds is the same in the impact of peso condition in government spending. If the effect in the sources of funds is negative, the impact in the government spending is also negative. When the effect is positive, the impact in government spending is also positive. XI. REFERENCES 1. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. (2008). Adjustments in the Face of Peso Volatility: Perspective from the Past and Policy Directions. : Retrieved February 21, 2011 retrieved from      http://www. bsp. gov. ph/downloads/Publications/2008/WPS200802. df 2. http://www. investopedia. com/ask/answers/08/what-is-foreign-exchange. asp 3. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market 4. http://www. bsp. g ov. ph/financial/forex. asp 5. http://business. inquirer. net/money/breakingnews/view/20110314-325428/Peso-rises-against-dollar-as-positive-view-of-local-economy-stays 6. http://www. philstar. com/Article. aspx? articleId=565592&publicationSubCategoryId=66 7. Monetary Stability Sector of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (2006). The Exchange Rate. Retrieved from http://www. bsp. gov. ph/dowloads/publication/FAQs/exchangerate. pdf